Guillain-Barré Syndrome Outbreak: The Role of Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies Testing

A recent outbreak of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in Pune, India, has seen approximately 160 reported cases since early January. The outbreak has been linked to Campylobacter jejuni, a foodborne pathogen and one of the leading causes of GBS worldwide [1].

Understanding Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Its Triggers

GBS is a rare autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks nerves, causing muscle weakness, paralysis, and sometimes respiratory failure. Symptoms begin with tingling or numbness in the hands and feet and progress to loss of mobility. While most patients recover with treatment, mortality rates range from 3% to 13%, depending on access to health care [2].

The Connection Between Campylobacter Jejuni and Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Certain strains of C. jejuni have a sugar-coated outer layer that resembles human nerve cells. This can trigger an immune response known as molecular mimicry, which causes antibodies to attack nerve cells. Because C. jejuni spreads through contaminated food and water, authorities in Pune are containing the outbreak through water testing, promoting safe food practices, and setting up specialized hospital wards.

The Importance of Anti-Ganglioside Antibody Testing for GBS

Contrary to the BBC article claiming limited diagnostic options for neurological autoimmune diseases, recent research shows significant diagnostic advances. These diseases include Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and Miller–Fisher Syndrome (MFS).One of the most recent studies by Kleiser et al. (2024), highlights that antibody testing, including anti-sulfatide and anti-ganglioside markers, continues to evolve and play a role in the identification of immune-mediated nerve damage. The study, which was conducted using our anti-ganglioside immunoblot, also points out that while anti-sulfatide antibodies may not always be highly specific diagnostic markers, their presence can provide insights into the pathophysiology of neurological autoimmune disorders. It also highlights the need for further research to refine diagnostic criteria and improve the accuracy of antibody-based testing for conditions like GBS [3].

Advancing Guillain-Barré Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment

With recurrent outbreaks worldwide, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Prevention remains the most effective tool against GBS. Avoiding infections, especially from C. jejuni, reduces syndrome risk. Research shows a clear link between GBS and specific anti-ganglioside antibodies, supporting targeted testing. Our company provides reliable anti-ganglioside antibody testing to support clinicians in identifying and effectively managing neurological autoimmune diseases, ensuring faster intervention and improved patient outcomes.

[1] BBC “Guillain-Barre syndrome: India faces outbreak of creeping paralysis”

[2] van den Berg, B., et al. (2013). “Mortality in Guillain-Barré syndrome” Neurology 80 (18) 1650-1654. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182904fcc

[3] Kleiser, B., et al. (2024). “Anti-sulfatide antibodies in neurological disorders: should we test?” J Neurol. 271(12):7613–7618. doi: 10.1007/s00415-024-12668-8